This book devotes major attention to anthropological study on Buginese Ulama in South Sulawesi, Ulama in South Sulawesi is considered as religious elite and leader who becomes a major factor in the development of rural muslim society. This elite is in fact a major symbol of the traditional order and enjoys a high social standing amongst the rural muslim society. At the village level he frequently assumed political leadership. Popular belief in his supernatural attributes and magical capacities allowed the religious leader to exercise charismatic power, and by means of such religious institutions as the pesantren (village religious school) and by means also of his own personal following, he could often control the village communities to a considerable degree.